Integrating the Critical Analysis Process with Literacy and within the Arts

As part of the most recent curriculum revisions (2023), the Ministry has developed resources about the "seven transferable skills" and dedicates an entire strand to them in Language (2023).

One of these skills is "Critical Thinking and Problem Solving", defined in the following way:

"Critical thinking and problem solving involve locating, processing, analysing, and interpreting relevant and reliable information to address complex issues and problems, make informed judgements and decisions,[...] Learning is deepened when it occurs in the context of authentic and meaningful real-world experiences."

This information was retrieved from https://www.dcp.edu.gov.on.ca/en/program-planning/transferable-skills/critical-thinking-and-problem-solving on November 19, 2023. The Ministry updates curriculum directly on the website linked.

The same parallels exist here between the Critical Analysis Process in the Arts curriculum and the previous two processes compared. It adds the context that real-world experiences deepen the learning. Exposure to arts experiences outside the classroom, or through the visit of an artist to the classroom, critical thinking in the context of class learning, etc. are all real-world experiences. Dramatic Arts and Dance media are both forms of media with their own domain-specific language, and encourage students to interpret a form of communication that may use spoken language as one of the many forms of text that occur in performance.

In the Expressing Ideas and Creating Texts strand of the Language (2023) curriculum, one of the specific expectations is Publishing, Presenting, and Reflecting. It calls for students to "select suitable and effective media, techniques, and tools to publish and present final texts, and critically analyze how well the texts address various topics".

The Critical Analysis Process in the Arts is a tool for critically analyze the effectiveness of a piece of text to convey its message using the elements and techniques associated with the form.

What does this mean for a dramatic arts/dance teacher?
  • It could mean developing consistent language with colleagues about the use of these processes so that any practice students participate in through one subject becomes an extension of their activities in another classroom.
  • It could mean using a variety of texts as source materials for drama and dance, and exploring them with the critical analysis process.
What does this mean for a language teacher (or elementary generalist)?
  • It could mean using arts-based texts as source material for critical analysis.
  • It could mean teaching technical domain-specific vocabulary for the arts using strategies and expectations from the language curriculum.
  • It could mean teaching the transferable skill of critical analysis using the arts as a scaffold before adding text.

Conventions

Concentric Circle

Pair up students. Have them label themselves A and B. All the As create a circle, all the Bs create and inner circle facing their partners. Ask students a series of questions (e.g. what is your initial reaction to the piece? What elements of dance/drama did you see being used? How did this piece make you feel?, etc.). Students answer the question and then teacher asks students to rotate (e.g., all As move one person to the left). In order to encourage active listening, teacher may ask students to recount what their previous partner said (e.g. Bs tell your new partner what you and your previous partner discussed)

Social Media Caption

Give a summary, judgment, response etc to a piece, but students have a character limit.

Values line

Pose a question or a comment to students. Have them imagine there is a line running down the centre of the room and ask them to place themselves on the line with one end being 1 (or not at all) and the other end being 10 (or very much). Encourage students not to stand right on dead centre. Sample prompts could be: I am comfortable using all 5 elements of dance. I really like the dance piece we just saw.

Snowball

Have students write their response on a piece of loose paper without putting their name. Once all students have written their answer, have them scrunch up the paper and throw it into the centre. Mix up the papers and then have students take a paper from the pile (not their own). Students can then respond to what is written on the paper, share with the class etc. This is particularly useful when working with sensitive issues as it allows students to share ideas but remain anonymous.

Venn Diagram

Have students draw two circles that overlap slightly. In the outside circles they fill in what is different about two artworks. In the centre they fill in what is similar. In order to consolidate thinking, have students write a summary statement at the end.

Four Corners

Post various images around the room (e.g. a tree, a traffic jam, a buffet, a rainbow, a wave, a ship, a lion etc). Have students choose a corner and answer, for example: “This dance piece is like ____  (the image) because….”

Visual Representation

Provide students with a variety of materials (e.g ribbon, clay, paper, pipe cleaners etc) and have them create a visual reflection of the piece they are reflecting on.

Extension: Have students create an “artist statement to reflect their piece or have them create an artist statement for another group based on their understanding of the piece

Cue Cards Reflection

Give each student a cue card. Have them create 4 statements.

  • is a reaction you think everyone had to the piece (e.g. I really noticed their use of energy)
  • is a reaction you think most people had to the piece (e.g. this group reminded me of the Jaberwockies)
  • is a reaction you think some people had to the piece (e.g. I noticed an element of puppetry in the piece)
  • is a reaction you think just you had (e.g. this reminded me of a group of street dancers I saw in India)
Grafitti

Have students observe an artwork (e.g., a dance piece). Group students around chart paper (e.g. have groups, each with one piece of chart paper with an element of art on it). Each group has a different colour marker (group 1 all have red markers etc). Students have 2-3 minutes with each piece of chart paper and they write their ideas on the chart paper (e.g. how were the elements of body used?). Students do not discuss with their group members and their markers should not leave the paper until the time is up. Their goal is to write as many ideas on the paper as possible. When the time is up, students take their markers and rotate to the next paper. When groups have gone to all the papers, they return to their original paper and go through all the comments, looking for commonalities, repetitions and connections to report out to the whole class.

De Bono’s Hats

A tool for discussion. Put students in 6 groups and assign each group one of De Bono’s 6 hats (red, white, black, blue, green, yellow). Students observe the artwork through the “lens” of their particular hat.

White Hat

  • Represents information (white paper)  
  • It is applied to direct thinking into an area
  • Attends to info that is present and info that is missing
  • Sharing statistics, or ideas or asking for information is typical of this hat

Red Hat

  • Deals with feelings, intuition and emotions (red suggests fire and warmth)
  • You share feelings and intuitions and emotions without having to justify why

Black Hat

  • Use caution (black like a judge’s robe)
  • Stops us from doing something harmful, wrong, too expensive etc.
  • Points out risks, hazards, the roadblocks
  • Explains why something will not work
  • Shows weaknesses and makes assessments

Green Hat

  • Green suggest life (green vegetation)
  • Offer suggestions, make proposals and explore alternatives
  • Look outside the box for solutions
  • How to add to something, or make modifications
  • Creative suggestions

Blue Hat

  • Thinking about our thinking (blue sky)
  • Bring a sense or order and sequence to what is occurring
  • Often used at beginning and end of a discussion  
  • Used when things get confused
  • Can be used to decide the sequence of hats, or when to exchange hats or how to summarize

Yellow Hat

  • Makes an effort to find the values and benefits of an idea (sunny yellow)
  • Seeks good points even if you don’t like the overall idea

When the observation is finished, students number off and jigsaw to create new groups (in each new group there should be one of each hat). Groups then discuss the artwork through each of the 6 lenses.

Time Capsule

After observing a number of artworks, have students select one which one best represents the art (e.g., “dance”) that they would put in a time capsule for the future as a representation of that art form. They must explain their thinking. This is a good strategy when looking at artistic genres. (e.g. students must pick one dance piece that best represents ballet, tap, etc.).

Integrating the Critical Analysis Process with Science and Social Studies

In curricular descriptions of the stages of the research process (science) and the inquiry process (social studies/geography/history), there are noticeable parallels between the kinds of critical thinking required here and in the Critical Analysis Process.

So many of the stages map directly onto one another. The primary difference is the content being examined.

What does this mean for a dramatic arts/dance teacher?

  • It could mean developing consistent language with colleagues about the use of these processes so that any practice students participate in through one subject becomes an extension of their activities in another classroom.
  • It could mean integrating science topics into drama and dance explorations.
  • It could mean engaging with projects shared by scientists and social scientists through the arts (e.g., the Dance your PhD contest, projects like Elemental Dances, and the genre of Science Theatre).
  • It could mean conducting scientific research about aspects of performance and using the critical analysis process to assess both the research and the communication of the results.
  • It could mean conducting an inquiry project about a drama and dance topic or through drama and dance (e.g., CODE's Aga Khan resources, Considering Beauty Dance Inquiry Unit, Drama and Inquiry: Curating your Life Unit, If Water Could Talk Dance Unit, etc.).

What does this mean for a science or social studies teacher (or an elementary generalist)?

  • It could mean engaging with projects shared by scientists and social scientists through the arts (see examples above) and using these as stimuli for research/inquiry.
  • It could mean using arts-based texts (dance, theatre) as source material and validating embodied ways of knowing, expanding the possibilities for what constitutes knowledge.
  • It could mean critically analysing their own use of dance or dramatic arts to represent scientific concepts or research/inquiry topics.
Science

"Considering the vast and ever-increasing number of sources of information available today, students need to be aware of how to find and identify appropriate information during research. Critical-thinking skills are essential to assess the information gathered, in part by considering the biases, interests, and motivation of the authors, as well as the trustworthiness of the source or publisher. Students should also carefully consider how scientific knowledge is shared, whether in formal, peer-reviewed contexts or through less formal channels such as social media.

The following diagram summarizes the scientific research process and shows how its components relate to the skills of initiating and planning; performing and recording; analysing and interpreting; and communicating."

This information was retrieved from https://www.dcp.edu.gov.on.ca/en/curriculum/science-technology/context/processes on November 19, 2023. The Ministry updates curriculum directly on the website linked.

Social Studies

"It is important to be aware that inquiries will not always result in one “right answer”. Rather, to assess the effectiveness of their investigations, students must develop the ability to reflect on their work throughout the inquiry process. Such reflection requires the ability to develop criteria that can be used, for example, to evaluate the relevance of their questions, the accuracy and strength of their evidence, the depth and logic of their analysis, and the strength of the support for their interpretation and conclusion. Teachers need to demonstrate the skills needed for reflection, and provide opportunities for students to practise them, while encouraging students to continually reflect on their work.

Likewise, students are engaged in aspects of communication throughout the inquiry process, as they ask questions, organize and analyse information, and critically evaluate their findings. The final communication of a student’s findings should take the form most suited to the nature of the inquiry, as well as to the intended audience, and should take the student’s learning style and strengths into account."

This information was retrieved from https://www.dcp.edu.gov.on.ca/en/curriculum/elementary-sshg/context/program-sshg#inquiry-process on November 19, 2023. The Ministry updates curriculum directly on the website linked.

Mapping the Critical Analysis Process onto other curricular processes

Note: None of the processes discussed in this comparison are as linear as the charts below. It is formatted this way for the sake of easy comparison.

The Arts: Critical Analysis Process

Science: Scientific Research Process

Social Studies: Inquiry Process

Initial Reaction
Consider Cultural Context

Define the research question
Identify and Select Sources

Formulate Questions

Describe

Identify and Record Information

Gather and Organize

Analyse & Interpret

Analysing & Interpreting:
Analyse information & summarize findings

Interpret and Analyse

Expression of an Informed Point of View/
Expression of Aesthetic Judgment

Communicate results

Evaluate and Draw Conclusions